تدريب toefl

the tenses الازمنة

the tenses1- the present continuous tense.المضارع المستمرIs used if you want to express an event that occur now while you are talking , an event that take place at the moment or now.

زمن المضارع المستمر يعبر عن حدث يحدث الان لحظة الكلام


Formation
-------------------------------------
I + am + v –ing
He
She + is + verb + ing
It
اسم مفرد


You
We + are + verb + ing
They
اسم جمع
------------------------------------
- words usually used with the tense:

Now - at the moment - look - listen

Examples :
1- he is studying now at the library. (he + is)
2- Look ! he is swimming .
3- Listen ! the president is talking. ( the president اسم مفرد لذلك استخدمنا معه is).
4- We are playing chess at at the moment .
5- They are watching a comedy film.
6- The girls are playing tennis
7- The student is writing his homework.
8- I am doing my work .
---------------------------------------------------
2-the present simple tense.
زمن المضارع البسيط يعبر عن الاتي 
1- حدث متكرر
2- حقيقة دائمة
3- عادة

The formation
-------------------------------
He
She + verb + (s or es or ies )
It
اسم مفرد


They
We + infintitive
You
اسم جمع
-----------------------------
Firstly, we begin with s , es , ies .-
- The sun shines at 6 o'clock every morning.
زمن الجملة مضارع بسيط لان شروق الشمس حدث متكرر
Notice : shine + s
************
Notice: (es) is used with verbs ends with
( o – sh – ch – ss – x ).
She crosses the way
She goes to the school on foot every day .
He fixes the cars.
He studies arts at AUC.
يدرس الفنون في الجامعة الامريكية...هذه حقيقة
Notice : he + verb + ies
Study converted into studies.
-----------------------------
Any verb ends with (Y) when is used in simple tense with he or she or it , you have to convert ( y) into ( I ) and add es.

Notice ( we ) + verb without any adds.
Girls like math
تعبر عن حقيقة ان البنات في هذا الكلاس يبحون الرياضيات
لانها اسم جمع فلذلك الفعل في المصدر ولا اضافات
---------------------
The words of the present simple tense.
Every – always – usually – often – never .
-----------------
- You usually get up early.
- i always study at the night.
- i never go to graveyard.
- i usually visit gamasa at summer .
----------------------
Notice: we use (do) and (does) in questions.
He , she . it . اسم مفرد + does
You , we , they , I, + do.
Examples:
1- do you study in USA ?
2- do they play chess ?
3- Do that boys like their teacher ?
4- Does ali play in the stadium?
5- Does he travel USA every summer ?
6- Does she study abroad ?
-------------------------
في حالات الاثبات
1- yes, he does.
2- Yes , they do ,
3- Yes , boys like their teacher ?
4- Yes ,I do .
في حالات النفي
1- No, he doesn't.
2- No, they don't.
3- No, the boys don't like their teacher.
----------------------------
3- past simple tense:
To express an event that happened at the past .
زمن الماضي البسيط ليعبر عن حدث في الماضي حدث وانتهي
formation

He , she , it , اسم مفرد + was
I , we , they . you , + أسم جمع + were -------------------------------
To build a sentence in past tense we add (ed) to the verb or (d) if the verb already ends with (d).
some verbs we don't add (ed) or (d) like
eat the past is ate
cut the past is cut
break the past is broke
في العادة نضيف حرف الدي الي اخر الفعل اذا كان الفعل منتظم مثل :
like - liked
look - looked
اما في حالة الافعال غير المنتظمة نستخدم التصريف الثاني مثل :
eat - ate
go - went
come - came
run - ran
do - did
break - broke
--------------------
1- they did their home work.
2- You broke my car.
3- I cut that paper.
4- He ate his beak fast.
5- The engineer fixed the computer.
6- The criminal killed that woman.
7- He played all the match last time
8- I won ali in chess game yesterday morning
Win - won - won
9 – I left 3 hours ago
leave - left - left

10 - She smiled like the sun.
11- I was at the match, didn't you see me .
12 - we were there yesterday. -------------------
عند السؤال عن شيء في الماضي نستخدم
did .

Did + subject + infinitive
Subject = الفاعل
Infinitive = المصدر
---------------
Examples:

Did you study abroad , before ?
Did he finish his homework?
Did you see the sun eclipse?
Did your brother tell you ?
عند الاجابة بالاثبات
1- yes I did .
2- yes she did.
3- Yes he told me.
4- Yes he finished his homework.
عند الاجابة بالنفي
1 – No, I didn't.
2- No, he didn't finish his homework.
3- no, he didn't told me. 
--------------------------The persent perfect tense المضارع التاميستخدم في حالة حدث انتهي منذ وقت قصير او انتهي في الماشي ومازال تأثيره حتي الوقت الراهن
Formation

1 – I , we , they , you , + have

+ p . p

2- he , she, it + has

--------------------------
Example:
اولا حالات الاثبات
1- I have worked
2- He has broken the car
حالات النفي
1- I have not worked
2- He hasn't worked
الاستفهام
Have you worked?
Has he worked?
----------------------
words:الكلمات المستخدمة مع الزمن - ever - yet – since - for – ago – just – already
I have just come back. لسه راجع حالا
I have already finished my work.
Have you ever been to the zoo ?
I have never been to the zoo ?
I haven't seen him since 1995.
I haven't seen him for a long time.
I haven't seen him 3 years a go .
------------------------------------- 
the past continuous tense الماشي المستمر 
يعبر عن حدث كان مستمرا في الماضي.
يعبر 

--------------------------------------
review with actions :
When 2 actions happened at the past, we
use past perfect tense with the first and
use past simple tense with the second.
----------
i had finished my homework, then I turned in.
بعدماخلصت واجبي ذهبت للنوم.
Firstly, he had killed the cat .then he wept when he saw the blood.
بعدما قتل القطة جلس وبكي دموعا لما رأي الدم.
نلاحظ ان اول فعل هو القتل لذا جاء في الماضي التام والافعال التالية كلها في الماضي البسيط.
After I had said goodbye for my friend, I saw a thief.
Before he visited me, I had prepared the room.
Before he came, I had finished my class.
I had had my dinner, and then I went outside with my grandfather.
-------------------------------------------------------
When an action was continuous at the past,
we use past continuous tense
-------------------------------
Where have you been?
----
I was cooking.
I was doing my homework.
I was playing football.
I was preparing my room.
They were eating.
-------------------------------------
When an action was continuous at the past and anther action happened.
We use past continuous tense with the first and past simple tense with the second.
حدث كان مستمر في الماضي وجاء حدث اخر فقطعه .
اذا نستخدم الماضي التام مع الاول والبسيط مع الثاني.

1- I was playing when he died.
2-I was watching the match when the building collapsed.
3-While she was studying, her father entered.
They knew what has happened, while they were eating. 
---------------------------------------------
* the past continuous tense الماضي المستمر 
يعبر عن حدث كان مستمرا في الماضي لفترة 
اذا كان حدثان في الماضي فالاول في الماضي المستمر والثاني في الماضي البسيط
الماضي المستمر يختلف عن الماضي البسيط في ان الاول كان مستمرا ام الثاني فكان في لحظة ما لم يكن مستمر
---------------------
formation
1 - he -she- it + was + v + ing
2- we -they -you +were +v + ing
------------
examples:
i was eating.
they were watching the film.
-------------
while she was cooking, her baby got up.
i was studying , and my brother was eating.
----------------
wish you a better life

Section 3 of TOEFL
Reading
The reading section of toefl measures your ability to understand academic written English. it contains passages and questions about each one. The questions include both vocabulary and reading comprehension questions. The answers of these questions are stated or implied in the passage.
نلاحظ ان الهدف من هذا القسم من الاختبار هو قياس مدي فهمك للكتابات الانجليزية الاكاديمية. وهوعبارة عن قطع تتدرج في السهولة من الاسهل للاصعب واسئلة عليها .والاهم من ذلك ان اجابات هذه الاسئلة موجودة ويمكن استنتاجها من القطعة .
To be fluent in reading English follow these strategies:
1- read extensively.
The more you read the better you become at reading. Read on a different topics in order to build your vocabulary. The larger vocabulary you have,the less effort you need to exert to understand and answer the passage in the exam.
--------------------------------------------
2-read challenging material.
Read the topics that you think difficult because if your choose the easy topics every time you read, you will not develop your skills.
------------------------------------
3-read the topics of science and technology
Because they are commonly used in toefl and mostly seen, then the social science
-----------------------------------
4-it is easier to remember a word if you know
related words

* They are synonyms and antonyms.
Synonyms means words with the same meaning like fit and suitable.
Antonyms means words that are opposite like high and low .
من الافضل لك عند تدوين الكلمات الانجليزية ان تجمع الكلمات المتشابه معا والمتضادة معا فهذا يسهل الحفظ.
Example for synonyms and antonyms:

Lose his life يفقد حياته
Lose his temper يفقد شعوره ويتهور
Lose his creditability يفقد مصداقيته
هذه التعبيرات متشابهة في التركيب وليس المعني طبعا

----------------------------

Modify =rectify يصحح ويقوم
الكلماتان متشابهتان في المعني
---------------------------

Modify – rectify – pacify – mortify – deny – defy – unify
هذه الكلمات متشابهة في النطق .
---------------------------

Brotherhood – childhood – motherhood – fatherhood-
--------------------------

Fall apart يسقط اشلاء
Take part in يشارك في
Apartment شقة
Never be apart لن ننفصل ابدا
Apart from فضلا عن
*Apart from, his job in a bank, he works in a company.
------------------------------

*Junior and senior
*Interior and exterior
*Internal and external
----------------------------

Father-in-law الحمي
*Mother-in-law الحماة
*Son-in-law زوج العروسة بالنسبة لابوها وامها كالابن
---------------------------

*Climate المناخ
*Flooding طوفان
*Tornado الاعصار
*Volcano البركان
*Earthquake الزلزال
*Partial eclipse كسوف جزئي
*Total eclipse كسوف كلي
*Temperature درجات الحرارة
*Thunder رعد
*Storm عاصفة
*Tempest عاصفة
*Weather الطقس
*A lightning البرق

كل الكلمات السابقة تتشابه في انها تخص الظواهر الطبيعية
-----------------------------

Fortune ثروة
Fortunate محظوظ
Fortunately لحسن الحظ
Unfortunately لسوء الحظ
-----------------------------

Delighted = happy = pleased مسرور وسعيد

-----------------------------

famous = well known = celebrated = مشهور

-----------------------------
Die يموت
Died مات
Dead ميت
Deads اموات
Death الموت
Dying احتضار
Dye صبعة

---------------------------

A dentist
Feminist
Colonist

scientist

cartoonist

pragmatist

--------------------
wherever حيثما

whoever ايا كان

whenever وقتما

whatever مهما يكن

whatsoever كل ما

-------------------

proper

fit

suitable

apropriate

apposite
becoming

convenient

كل الكلمات السابقة بمعني مناسب او ملائم

--------------------

climatology علم المناخ

cardiology علم دراسة القلب

immunology علم المناعة

sexology علم الجنس

gyaenacology علم النسا

pathology علم الامراض

histololgy علم الانسجة

sociology علم الاجتماع

symbology علم الرموز

zoology علم الحيوان

neurology علم الاعصاب

toxicology علم السموم

ecology علم البيئة

psycology علم النفس

volcanology علم البراكين

egyptology علم

biologoy

microbiology

----------------------------
Clock
Cloak عباءه
Clerk كاتب
Cleric شيخ قبيلة او زعيم

-----------------
Depend on = rely on = bank on = count on
بمعني يعتمد علي

-----------------
Host مضيف
Hostess مضيفة
Hostage ضيافة
hostages رهائن

Hostel بيت الشباب
Hostile عدائي America treats Iran in hostile way
- - -----------------

يضحي من اجل Sacrifice
Scare يخيف
Scary مخيف
Scared خائف
--------------------

معاكس او مواجه the opposite direction
Apposite مناسب
-------------------

bronze age
Golden age
Victorian age

------------------
Sound صوت * he had a pretty sound.
Sound سليم * he has a sound thought.
Sound يبدو *you sound tired , turn in.
-----------------

Receive يستلم او يستقبل
Deceive يخدع
Perceive يدرك
Reserve احتياطي نقدي
Deserve يستحق
Preserve يحفظ
-----------------

At most # at least علي الاكثر وعلي الاقل
Sooner or later عاجلا ام اجلا
-----------------

عالم في المواد العلمية scientist
يقوم بعمل ابحاث researcher
مخترع inventor
مستكشف discoverer
مستكشف اماكن explorer
----------------

Power سلطة اونفوذ he retired from the power .
Energy طاقة wind energy , atomic energy
Force قوة عسكرية security forces
------------------

.V = resume = biography سيرة ذاتية
---------------

headline منشيت الجرائد
Deadlines خطوط حمراء او اخر موعد او اخر فرصة
The deadline to provide your C.V is 7 october.

------------------
Porch بلكونة
Torch شعلة

-----------------

fame شهرة
Frame اطار
Flame لهب

----------------
Ally حليف
Allies حلفاء
Alliance حلف

----------------
Sailor بحا ر
Tailor خياط

---------------
Ascend يصعد arrange numbers in an ascending way .
Descend يهبط arrange numbers in a descending way .
Descent سلالة Pascal is of French descent .

----------------
Hero بطل
Heroine بطلة
Heroin هيروين

-------------